Relación entre la Temperatura de Superficie, la Composición Corporal e Indicadores Antropométricos de Obesidad y Sobrepeso / Relationship Between Surface Temperature, Body Composition and Anthropometric Indicators of Obesity and Overweight

La termografía por infrarrojo (TI) permite evaluar la temperatura corporal, medir los cambios en la disipación del calor corporal en superficie y relacionarlos con las características de composición corporal e índices antropométricos. Aumentar el número de registros de zonas corporales evaluadas con TI y establecer las relaciones de estas temperaturas (32 áreas corporales) con variables de composición corporal e índices antropométricos, como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice cintura cadera, índice cintura estatura, en hombres adultos divididos según su estado ponderal. Participaron 60 hombres, adultos sanos, divididos en 2 grupos: grupo 1 (n=30), con IMC ≤ 24,9, edad 23,2 ± 3,9 años, masa corporal 66,5 ± 6,5 kg, y talla 170,5 ± 7,4 cm; y, grupo 2 (n= 30), con IMC > 24,9, edad 29,4 ± 9,9 años, masa corporal 84,5 ± 11,9 kg, y talla 172,0 ± 7,18 cm. Se realizaron evaluaciones antropométricas y de TI. Sujetos con IMC ≤ 24,9 kg/ m2 presentaron valores mayores de temperatura superficial, en todas las zonas estudiadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con niveles de IMC > 24,9 kg/m2, donde la disipación del calor corporal fue menor. Existe una estrecha relación entre la temperatura superficial de la piel y el IMC, donde sujetos con un IMC normal mostraron una disipación de calor y valores de temperatura superficial mayores, en todas las zonas evaluadas, a diferencia de los sujetos con un IMC que se encontraba por encima del límite de normalidad.

SUMMARY: Infrared thermography (IT) makes it possible to assess body temperature, measure changes in body heat dissipation on the surface, and relate them to body composition characteristics and anthropometric indices. The objective of this study was to increase the number of records of body areas evaluated with IT and establish the relationships of these temperatures (32 body areas) with body composition variables and anthropometric indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio, waist-height ratio, in adult men divided according to their weight status. A total of 60 healthy adult men participated, divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=30), with a body mass index (BMI) ≤ 24.9, age 23.2 ± 3.9 years, body mass 66.5 ± 6.5 kg, and height 170.5 ± 7.4 cm; and, group 2 (n = 30), with BMI > 24.9, age 29.4 ± 9.9 years, body mass 84.5 ± 11.9 kg, and height 172.0 ± 7.18 cm. Anthropometric and IT assessments were performed. Subjects with BMI ≤ 24.9 kg/ m2 presented higher values of surface temperature in all areas studied, unlike subjects with BMI levels > 24.9 kg/m2, where body heat dissipation was lower. There is a close relationship between skin surface temperature and BMI, where subjects with a normal BMI showed higher heat dissipation and surface temperature values, in all evaluated areas, unlike subjects with a BMI that was above the normal limit.

Knowledge of physical activity, physical activity level and waist-to-hip ratio in adults with diabetes in a Ghanaian municipality

Objectives: To investigate the knowledge about physical activity, physical activity levels and waist-to-hip ratio among persons living with diabetes in the Ho Municipality. Design: Cross-sectional observation study. Setting: The researcher collected data from two diabetes clinics in the Ho Municipality of Ghana. Participants: Consenting persons living with diabetes who attended the diabetes clinics. Main outcome measures: Participants' waist-to-hip ratio, knowledge of the physical activity and level of activity according to the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: There were 106 participants, and the modal age was 60 years or older (50.94% (n= 54)). Of the total, 62.3% (n = 66) were women, and the mean knowledge level was 12.7±1.58 (range: 0-17). Mean waist-to-hip ratio was 0.92 ± 0.10) with 25.5% (n = 27) men and 48.1% (n = 51) women recording abnormally increased waist-to-hip ratios. Additionally, 44% of participants engaged in low physical activity levels, whereas 10% participated in high levels. There were no significant associations between physical activity levels and waist-to-hip ratios (r = 0.176, p=0.071). Conclusion: Persons with diabetes in the Ho Municipality mostly engaged in low and moderate physical activity levels and had abnormally increased waist-to-hip ratios suggesting abdominal obesity. Knowledge of physical activity may be associated with physical activity performance and waist-to-hip ratio, bearing an inverse association with physical activity levels.

Evaluación de riesgo de apnea obstructiva del sueño y de la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico en pacientes con hipertensión arterial / Risk assessment of obstructive sleep apnea and adherence to pharmacological treatment in patients with arterial hypertension

Introducción:existe una sospecha sobre la relación bidireccional entre la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) y la hipertensión arterial (HTA). Ambas ejercen una acción sinérgica sobre desenlaces cardiovasculares porlo quees trascendente ponderar la prevalencia de riesgo para AOS en los hipertensos. En este último grupo también hemos investigado la tasa de adherencia a los fármacos prescritos. Metodología:mediante un estudio de casos y controles y con la aplicación del cuestionario STOP-BANG se han discriminado las categorías de riesgo para apnea de sueño en las dos cohortes. Para el análisis de la adherencia a fármacos antihipertensivos se utilizó el cuestionario abreviado de Morisky. Resultados:se incluyeron a 590 individuos (295 casos y 295 controles. Se observó alto riesgo para AOS en el grupo de hipertensos (36,6%) comparado con el 14,2% del grupo control. Por otro lado, el sexo masculino OR 7,77 (IC95% 4,33-13,84), la obesidad OR 5,03 (IC95% 3,11-8,13) y la HTA OR 4,31 (IC95% 2,64-7,03) se ponderan significativos en un modelo de ajuste logístico aquí estudiado. El 61,69% de los hipertensos refería adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico prescrito. Discusión:el tamizaje de AOS es factible con un cuestionario aplicable en la práctica clínica diaria. De la probabilidad clínica pre-test hay que partir hacia métodos diagnósticos específicos para el diagnóstico de AOS, enfatizando casos de HTA resistente, HTA nocturna y HTA enmascarada. Se deberían realizar estudios locales que nos ayuden a comprender las causas de la falta de adherencia a fármacos antihipertensivos en una fracción importante de los individuos con HTA

Introduction:there is a suspicion about the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and arterial hypertension (AHT). Both have a synergistic action on cardiovascular outcomes, so it is important to assess the prevalence of risk for OSA in hypertensive patients. In this last group we have also investigated the rate of adherence to prescribed drugs.Metodology:through a case-control study and with the application of the STOP-BANG questionnaire, the risk categories for sleep apnea in the two cohorts have been discriminated. For the analysis of adherence to antihypertensive drugs, the abbreviated Morisky questionnaire was used. Results:590 individuals were included (295 cases and 295 controls. A high risk for OSA was observed in the hypertensive group (36.6%) compared to 14.2% in the control group. On the other hand, the male sex OR 7.77 (95%CI 4.33-13.84), obesity OR 5.03 (95%CI 3.11-8.13) and hypertensionOR4.31(95%CI 2.64-7.03) they areweighted significant in a logistic adjustment model studied here.61.69% of hypertensive patients reported adherence to the prescribed pharmacological treatment.Discussion:OSA screening is feasible with a questionnaire applicable in daily clinical practice. From the pre-test clinical probability, specific diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of OSA must be started, emphasizing cases of resistant AHT, nocturnal AHT, andmasked AHT. Local studies should be carried out to help us understand the causes of non-adherence to antihypertensive drugs in a significant fraction of individuals with AHT

Lipohypertrophy and nutritional profile among people living with HIV in Southern Brazil / Lipohipertrofia e perfil nutricional de pessoas que vivem com HIV no sul do Brasil

Introduction: People living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are generally overweight or have an altered body composition as compared to healthy individuals, showing a change in nutritional profile over time. Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize the nutritional status, estimate the prevalence of lipodystrophy, and examine the association between lipohypertrophy and lipid profile alterations, and other clinical data of HIV-infected individuals. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study on male and female subjects living with HIV, treated at a specialized outpatient clinic, aged 18 years old and over, whether using the antiretroviral therapy or not. Results: The sample consisted of 420 people with a mean age of 43.8 years (standard deviation 11.7). The length of time of the HIV infection averaged 74.6 months, and 91% of the respondents were on antiretroviral therapy. Lipodystrophy prevalence was 35.7%. Of these, 82 (54.7%) presented lipohypertrophy, 61 (40.7%) had lipoatrophy and 7 (4.6%) had a mixed syndrome. Female gender, body mass index, fat percentage, waist circumference and waist-hip ratio were positively associated with the presence of lipohypertrophy (p<0.001). High mean total cholesterol (p=0.015) and LDL fraction (p=0.028) also showed a statistically significant association with lipohypertrophy. The sampled participants had a nutritional profile compatible with overweight or obesity. No association was found between lipohypertrophy and ART and the therapy duration. Conclusion: Considering the consequences of overweight as a cause of various pathological conditions, preventive measures and interventions are highly recommended for this population.

As pessoas que vivem com o HIV geralmente têm excesso de peso ou composição corporal alterada em relação aos indivíduos saudáveis, apresentando uma mudança no perfil nutricional ao longo do tempo. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o estado nutricional, estimar a prevalência de lipodistrofia e examinar a associação entre lipohipertrofia e alterações no perfil lipídico e outros dados clínicos de indivíduos infectados pelo HIV. Métodos: Estudo transversal com indivíduos dos sexos masculino e feminino vivendo com HIV, atendidos em ambulatório especializado, com idade igual ou superior a 18 anos, em uso ou não de terapia antirretroviral. Resultados: A amostra foi composta de 420 pessoas com média de idade de 43,8 anos (desvio padrão 11,7). O tempo de infecção pelo HIV foi em média de 74,6 meses e 91% dos entrevistados estavam em terapia antirretroviral. A prevalência de lipodistrofia foi de 35,7%. Destes, 82 (54,7%) apresentavam lipohipertrofia, 61 (40,7%) lipoatrofia e 7 (4,6%) síndrome mista. Sexo feminino, índice de massa corporal, percentual de gordura, circunferência da cintura e relação cintura-quadril foram positivamente associados à presença de lipohipertrofia (p<0,001). As médias elevadas de colesterol total (p=0,015) e fração LDL (p=0,028) também mostraram associação estatisticamente significante com lipohipertrofia. Os participantes da amostra apresentavam perfil nutricional compatível com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Não foi encontrada associação entre lipohipertrofia e terapia antirretroviral e duração da terapia. Conclusão: Considerando as consequências do excesso de peso como causa de diversas patologias, medidas e intervenções preventivas são altamente recomendadas para essa população.

Consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e obesidade abdominal: resultados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil / Consumption of alcoholic beverages and abdominal obesity: cross-sectional analysis of ELSA-Brasil

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a associação entre consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e adiposidade abdominal em adultos. Estudo transversal realizado com dados da linha de base do ELSA-Brasil (2008-2010). A amostra foi constituída por 15.065 servidores públicos de seis instituições de ensino e pesquisa (35 a 74 anos, ambos os sexos). Para identificar adiposidade central por meio das medidas de circunferência da cintura (CC) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), utilizou-se os pontos de corte preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Para as análises estatísticas foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e modelos de regressão de Poisson ajustados por variáveis potencialmente confundidoras. Cerca de 40% da amostra apresentava CC e RCQ elevadas. A probabilidade de apresentar CC elevada foi 5% e 3% maior no grupo mais exposto de consumo de cerveja em homens e mulheres quando comparado ao grupo de referência [RP = 1,05 (IC 95% 1,02-1,08) e RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07)]. Também foi encontrada maior probabilidade de apresentar RCQ elevada entre os maiores consumidores de cerveja [RP = 1,03 (IC 95% 1,00-1,07) em homens e RP=1,10 (IC 95% 1,04-1,15) em mulheres]. Maior número de doses/semana de bebida alcoólica aumentou a probabilidade de ocorrência de CC e RCQ elevadas, sendo mais importante a contribuição da cerveja.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the association between alcohol consumption and abdominal adiposity in adults. Cross-sectional study conducted at baseline data from ELSA-Brasil (2008- 2010). The sample consisted of 15,065 civil servants from six education and research institutions (35 to 74 years old, both sexes). To identify central adiposity by measuring waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), the cutoff points recommended by the World Health Organization were used. Poisson regression models adjusted for potentially confounding variables were tested. About 40% of the sample had elevated WC and WHR. The probability of having elevated WC was 5% and 3% higher in the most exposed group of beer consumption in men and women when compared to the reference group [PR= 1.05 (95% CI 1.02-1.08) and P R= 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07)]. A higher probability of having a high WHR was also found among the highest beer consumers [PR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.00-1.07) in men and PR = 1.10 (95% CI 1.04-1.15) in women]. A greater number of doses/week of alcoholic drink increased the probability of occurrence of high WC and WHR, with the beer contribution being more important.

Variabilidad del ritmo cardiaco e índices antropométricos en hombres universitarios de Santiago de Chile / Heart rate variability in cardiac rhythm and anthropometric indices in university males of Santiago de Chile

Resumen Introducción: La baja variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco (VRC) se ha asociado con desbalances autonómicos y riesgo cardiovascular en diversas poblaciones. Objetivo: Relacionar la variabilidad del ritmo cardíaco e índices antropométricos en hombres universitarios jóvenes, físicamente activos con bajo riesgo cardiometabólico. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal. Participaron 10 hombres de 23,15 ± 2,91 años con un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 25,48 ± 2,19 kg/m2 y un índice Cintura-Cadera (IC-C) de 0,81±0,02. La VRC en reposo se midió en un período de 5 minutos. Se realizó un análisis correlacional entre el IMC e IC-C con la proporción baja/alta frecuencia (LF/HF), desviación estándar de la variación instantánea de intervalos RR (SD1) y complejidad de los intervalos RR (α-1). Además, se determinó el poder estadístico (1- β) y tamaño del efecto ("d" de Cohen). Resultados: El LF/HF sólo se relaciona significativamente con el IC-C (r=0,638; p=0,047; d=0,80), mientras que SD1 y α-1 no reportaron ninguna asociación con el IMC e IC-C. Conclusiones: Existe un predominio parasimpático que sugiere un mecanismo protector sobre el tejido adiposo intraabdominal relacionado al IC-C. Se requieren otros estudios que expliquen todas las variables moduladoras de la VRC.

Abstract Introduction: Low heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with autonomic imbalances and cardiovascular risk in various populations. Objective: To relate HRV and anthropometric indices in young, physically active university male students with low cardiometabolic risk. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study, which included 10 men aged 23.15 ± 2.91 years, with a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25.48 ± 2.19 kg/m2, and a Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) of 0.81 ± 0.02. Resting heart rate variability was measured over a 5 minute period. A correlational analysis was performed between BMI and WHR with the low frequency/high frequency ratio (LF/HF), standard deviation of the instantaneous variation of RR intervals (SD1), and complexity of the RR intervals (α-1). In addition, statistical power (1-β) and effect size (Cohen's "d") were determined. Results: LF/HF is only significantly related to WHR (r=0.638; p=0.047; d=0.80), while SD1 and α-1 did not show any association with BMI and WHR. Conclusions: There is a parasympathetic predominance that suggests a protective mechanism on intra-abdominal adipose tissue related to WHR. Further studies are required to explain all the modulating variables of the heart rate variability.

O Efeito Direto do Índice de Massa Corporal nos Resultados Cardiovasculares entre Participantes sem Obesidade Central pela Estimativa por Máxima Verossimilhança Direcionada / The Direct Effect of Body Mass Index on Cardiovascular Outcomes among Participants Without Central Obesity by Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation

Resumo Fundamento: O índice de massa corporal (IMC) é o índice mais usado para categorizar uma pessoa como obesa ou não-obesa, e está sujeito a limitações importantes. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito direto do IMC nos desfechos cardiovasculares em participantes sem obesidade central. Métodos: Esta análise incluiu 14.983 homens e mulheres com idades entre 45-75 anos do Estudo de Risco de Aterosclerose em Comunidades (ARIC). O IMC foi medido como obesidade geral e a circunferência da cintura (CC), a relação cintura-quadril (RCQ) e circunferência do quadril como obesidade central. A estimativa de máxima verossimilhança direcionada (TMLE, no acrônimo em inglês) foi usada para estimar os efeitos totais (TEs) e os efeitos diretos controlados (CDEs). A proporção de ET que seria eliminada se todos os participantes fossem não obesos em relação à obesidade central foi calculada usando o índice de proporção eliminada (PE). P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. As análises foram realizadas no pacote TMLE R. Resultados: O risco de desfechos cardiovasculares atribuídos ao IMC foi significativamente revertido com a eliminação da obesidade na RCQ (p <0,001). A proporção eliminada dos efeitos do IMC foi mais tangível para participantes não obesos em relação à CC (PE = 127%; IC95% (126,128)) e RCQ (PE = 97%; IC95% (96,98)) para doença arterial coronariana (DAC), e RCQ (PE = 92%; IC95% (91,94)) para acidente vascular cerebral, respectivamente. Com relação ao sexo, a proporção eliminada dos efeitos do IMC foi mais tangível para participantes não obesos em relação a RCQ (PE = 428%; IC95% (408.439)) para DAC em homens e CC (PE = 99%; IC95% (89,111)) para acidente vascular cerebral em mulheres, respectivamente. Conclusão: Esses resultados indicam diferentes efeitos potenciais da eliminação da obesidade central na associação entre IMC e desfechos cardiovasculares em homens e mulheres. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):879-886)

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is the most commonly used index to categorize a person as obese or non-obese, which is subject to important limitations. Objective: To evaluate the direct effect of BMI on cardiovascular outcomes among participants without central obesity. Methods: This analysis included 14,983 males and females aged 45-75 years from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC). BMI was measured as general obesity, and waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and hip circumference as central obesity. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation (TMLE) was used to estimate the total effects (TEs) and the controlled direct effects (CDEs). The proportion of TE that would be eliminated if all participants were non-obese regarding central obesity was computed using the proportion eliminated (PE) index. P <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed in the TMLE R package. Results: The risk of cardiovascular outcomes attributed to BMI was significantly reversed by eliminating WHR obesity (p<0.001). The proportion eliminated of BMI effects was more tangible for non-obese participants regarding WC (PE=127%; 95%CI (126,128)) and WHR (PE=97%; 95%CI (96,98)) for coronary heart disease (CHD), and WHR (PE=92%; 95%CI (91,94)) for stroke, respectively. With respect to sex, the proportion eliminated of BMI effects was more tangible for non-obese participants regarding WHR (PE=428%; 95%CI (408,439)) for CHD in males, and WC (PE=99%; 95%CI (89,111)) for stroke in females, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate different potential effects of eliminating central obesity on the association between BMI and cardiovascular outcomes for males and females. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; 116(5):879-886)

Desempenho Individual e Combinado de Indicadores de Obesidade Geral e Central para Estimar Risco Coronariano em Participantes do ELSA-Brasil / Individual and Combined Performance of Indicators of Overall and Central Obesity to Estimate Coronary Risk in ELSA-Brasil Participants

Resumo Fundamento: Indicadores antropométricos são utilizados na prática clínica e em estudos epidemiológicos para rastreamento de fatores de risco à saúde. Objetivo: Avaliar o poder discriminatório individual do Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC), do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), da Circunferência da Cintura (CC) e da Razão Cintura-Quadril (RCQ) para identificar risco coronariano e investigar se a combinação de indicadores antropométricos de obesidade geral e central melhora a capacidade preditiva em adultos. Métodos: Avaliou-se 15 092 participantes (54,4% mulheres) com idades entre 35-74 anos na linha de base do ELSA-Brasil. Indivíduos em risco coronariano foram identificados pelo Escore de Risco de Framingham, e divididos em risco muito alto (RMA20%) e risco alto (RA10%). Medidas de acurácia diagnóstica e áreas sob curvas ROC (AUC) foram analisadas. Associações foram testadas por regressão de poisson com variância robusta, conforme sexo e idade. Foi adotada significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: A RCQ apresentou melhor poder discriminatório para RMA20% em todos os grupos, com maior capacidade preditiva nas mulheres (AUC: 0,802; IC95%: 0,748-0,856 vs 0,657; IC95%: 0,630-0,683 nas faixas etárias 35-59 anos e AUC: 0,668; IC95%: 0,621-0,715 vs 0,611; IC95%: 0,587-0,635 nas faixas etárias 60-74 anos). As combinações IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ apresentaram melhor poder preditivo em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Combinações entre indicadores de obesidade geral e central estiveram mais fortemente associadas com RMA20% e RCA10% em todos os estratos. Conclusões: Indicadores combinados tiveram melhor capacidade preditiva do que um indicador isoladamente, sendo IAC+RCQ e IMC+RCQ melhores estimadores de risco coronariano em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. RCQ teve melhor desempenho individual.

Abstract Background: Anthropometric indicators have been used in clinical practice and epidemiological studies for screening of health risk factors. Objectives: To evaluate the individual discriminatory power of body adiposity index (BAI), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip-ratio (WHR) to identify individuals at risk for coronary heart disease and to evaluate whether combinations of anthropometric indicators of overall obesity with indicators of central obesity improve predictive ability in adults. Methods: A total of 15,092 participants (54.4% women) aged 35-74years were assessed at baseline of the ELSA-Brasil study. Individuals at risk for coronary heart disease were identified using the Framingham risk score and divided into very-high risk (VHR 20%) and high risk (HR10%). Measures of diagnostic accuracy and area under the ROC curves (AUC) were analyzed. Associations were tested using Poisson regression analysis with robust variance, according to age and sex. Statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: WHR showed the highest discriminatory power for VHR20% in all groups, with higher predictive ability in women (AUC: 0.802; 95%CI: 0.748-0.856 vs 0.657; 95%CI: 0.630-0.683 in the age range of 35-59 years, and AUC: 0.668; 95%CI: 0.621-0.715 vs 0.611; 95%CI: 0.587-0.635 in the age range of 60-74 years). BAI + WHR and BMI + WHR had the highest predictive power in men and women, respectively. Combinations of indicators of overall obesity with indicators of central obesity were more strongly associated with VHR20% and HR10% in all subgroups. Conclusion: Combined indicators had greater predictive ability than indicators taken individually. BAI+ WHR and BMI + WHR were the best estimators of coronary risk in men and women, respectively, and WHR had the best individual performance.

Correlations among neck circumference and anthropometric indicators to estimate body adiposity in people living with HIV

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Neck circumference (NC) and anthropometric data of people living with HIV (PLWH) are correlated. METHODS: Socioeconomic, NC, body mass index (BMI), tricipital skinfold thickness (TSF), mid-arm circumference (MAC), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) data of 72 PLWH were correlated. RESULTS Higher adiposity was observed in NC (40.3% [n=29]) and WC (31.9% [n=23]). Correlations between NC/BMI, NC/WC, NC/HC, NC/MAC, NC/MAMC, and NC/WHtR were significant. Increased NC (40.3%[n=29]) and WC (31.9 [n=23]) were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk. CONCLUSIONS: NC correlations are adequate for estimating cardiometabolic risk.

Association between "a body shape index" and mortality: Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, Brazil / Associação entre "a body shape index" e mortalidade: o Estudo de Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, Brasil / Asociación entre "a body shape index" y mortalidad: estudio de una Cohorte Ancianos de Bambuí, Brasil

This article aims to evaluate the joint and separate association between abdominal and general adiposity indicators and mortality. Data was collected from 1,366 older adults in the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging with complete information for all variables of interest. The outcome variable was all-cause time until death; exposure variables were a body shape index (ABSI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and body mass index (BMI), assessed at the beginning of the study, and at the 3rd, 5th and 11th year of follow-up. Association between the quartiles of anthropometric indicators and mortality was calculated using an extended Cox proportional hazards model and adjusted for socioeconomic and behavioral confounding factors. Older adults in the 4th ABSI quartile had a higher risk of mortality regardless of BMI (1.27; 95%CI: 1.01-1.58), but this association was not observed in sensitivity analyses. Older adults in the 2nd, 3rd and 4th BMI quartiles had a lower risk of mortality, even when adjusted for WC or ABSI. WC and WHtR showed no association consistent with all-cause mortality after adjustment for confounding factors. Considering the loss of significance in the sensitivity analyses, ABSI's predictive capacity for mortality is still weak. Thus, adopting ABSI in clinical practice or in epidemiological surveys, in conjunction or replacing BMI and WC, requires more in-depth studies.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação isolada e independente entre indicadores de adiposidade abdominal e índice de massa corporal (IMC) e mortalidade. O estudo usou dados de 1.366 idosos que tinham informações completos para todas as variáveis independentes no Estudo de Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, Brasil. A variável dependente foi o tempo até o óbito por todas as causas, e as variáveis de exposição foram o índice de forma corporal (a body shape index - ABSI), circunferência de cintura (CC), razão cintura/estatura (RCE) e IMC, medidos na linha de base e aos 3º, 5º e 11º anos de seguimento. A associação entre os quartis de indicadores antropométricos e a mortalidade foi investigada usando um modelo estendido de riscos proporcionais de Cox ajustado por fatores de confusão socioeconômicos e comportamentais. Os idosos do 4º quartil do ABSI mostraram maior risco de mortalidade, independentemente de IMC (1,27; IC95%: 1,01-1,58), mas a associação não foi mantida nas análises de sensibilidade. Os idosos do 2º, 3º e 4º quartis de IMC mostraram risco menor de mortalidade, associação esta que foi mantida após ajustar para CC ou ABSI. Por outro lado, a CC e a RCE não mostraram associações consistentes com a mortalidade geral depois de ajustar para fatores de confusão. As análises mostraram que a capacidade preditiva do ABSI para mortalidade ainda é fraca, considerando a perda de significância nas análises de sensibilidade. Portanto, a possibilidade de adoção do ABSI na prática clínica ou em inquéritos epidemiológicos para complementar ou substituir o IMC e CC ainda precisa ser explorada com maior profundidade em estudos futuros.

El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la asociación conjunta y separada entre los indicadores de adiposidad abdominal y general, y la mortalidad. Los datos se recogieron de 1.366 adultos mayores en el estudio de Cohorte Ancianos de Bambuí, Brasil, con información completa para todas las variables de interés. El resultado de la variable fue por cualquier causa hasta la muerte; las variables de exposición fueron índice de forma corporal (a body shape index - ABSI por sus siglas en inglés), circunferencia de cintura (WC), proporción cintura-altura (WHtR) e índice de masa corporal (BMI), evaluados al principio del estudio, y en el 3º, 5º y 11º año de seguimiento. Se calculó la asociación entre los cuartiles de indicadores antropométricos y mortalidad, usando un modelo extendido de Cox de riesgos proporcionales, y ajustado por factores de confusión socioeconómicos y comportamentales. Los adultos más viejos en el 4º cuartil ABSI tuvieron un riesgo mayor de mortalidad, independientemente del BMI (1,27; 95%CI: 1,01-1,58), pero esta asociación no fue observada en los análisis de sensibilidad. Los adultos más viejos en los 2º, 3º y 4º cuartiles de BMI tuvieron un riesgo más bajo de mortalidad, incluso cuando fue ajustado por WC o ABSI. WC y WHtR no mostraron asociación consistente con todas las causas de mortalidad tras el ajuste para factores de confusión. Considerando la pérdida de significación en los análisis de sensibilidad, la capacidad predictiva de ABSI para la mortalidad es todavía débil. De este modo, adoptar ABSI en la práctica clínica o en encuestas epidemiológicas, en conjunción o reemplazando BMI y WC, requiere más estudios en profundidad.

Asociación de factores de riesgo independientes con fracaso posextubación en pacientes desconectados de la ventilación mecánica / Association of independent risk factors with post-extubation failure in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation weaning

Resumen Introducción: Aun con adecuado protocolo de desconexión de la ventilación mecánica (DVM), el procedimiento falla en 15 a 30 % de los casos. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre factores de riesgo independientes y fracaso posextubación en pacientes con DVM en una unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método: Estudio de cohorte, longitudinal, prospectivo, analítico, que incluyó pacientes sometidos a ventilación mecánica por más de 24 horas y que fueron extubados. Se obtuvieron reportes preextubación de hemoglobina, albúmina, fósforo, índice cintura-cadera y puntuación SOFA. Se definió como fracaso de extubación al reinicio de la ventilación mecánica en 48 horas o menos. Resultados: Se extubaron 123 pacientes, 74 hombres (60 %); la edad promedio fue de 50 ± 18 años. Ocurrió fracaso de extubación en 37 (30 %). Como factores de riesgo independentes se asoció hipoalbuminemia en 29 (23.8 %, RR = 1.43, IC 95 % = 1.11-1.85) e hipofosfatemia en 18 (14.6 %, RR = 2.98, IC 95 % = 1.66-5.35); se observaron dos o más factores de riesgo independientes en 22.7 % (RR = 1.51, IC 95 % = 1.14-2.00). Conclusiones: Identificar los factores de riesgo independentes antes de la DVM puede ayudar a reducir el fracaso de la extubación y la morbimortalidad asociada.

Abstract Introduction: Even with an adequate mechanical ventilation weaning (MVW) protocol, the procedure fails in 15 to 30 % of cases. Objective: To assess the association between independent risk factors (IRFs) and post-extubation failure in patients undergoing MVW in an intensive care unit. Method: Longitudinal, prospective, analytical cohort study in patients on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and who were extubated. Pre-extubation reports of hemoglobin, albumin, phosphorus, waist-hip ratio and SOFA score were obtained. Extubation failure was defined as resumption of mechanical ventilation within 48 hours or less. Results: 123 patients were extubated, out of whom 74 were males (60 %); average age was 50 ± 18 years. Extubation failure occurred in 37 (30 %). Hypoalbuminemia was associated as an independent risk factor in 29 (23.8 %, RR = 1.43, 95 % CI = 1.11-1.85) and hypophosphatemia was in 18 (14.6 %, RR = 2.98, 95 % CI = 1.66-5.35); two or more IRFs were observed in 22.7 % (RR = 1.51, 95 % CI = 1.14-2.00). Conclusions: Identifying independent risk factors prior to MVW can help reduce the risk of extubation failure and associated morbidity and mortality.

Obesidade abdominal no ELSA-Brasil: construção de padrão-ouro latente e avaliação da acurácia de indicadores diagnósticos / Abdominal obesity in ELSA-Brasil (Brazils Longitudinal Study of Adult Health): construction of a latent gold standard and evaluation of the accuracy of diagnostic indicators

Resumo Este estudo avaliou a acurácia de indicadores de obesidade abdominal (OA), definindo uma variável latente como padrão-ouro. Foram estudados 12.232 participantes do ELSA-Brasil de 35 a 74 anos. Avaliou-se três indicadores de OA, estratificados por sexo e raça/cor: circunferência da cintura (CC), razão cintura quadril (RCQ) e índice de conicidade (Índice C). Todos os grupos mostraram elevadas prevalências de OA, maiores entre os homens brancos (~70%) e mulheres pretas (~60%). Observou-se alta acurácia da CC para homens, RCQ e índice C entre homens e mulheres para discriminar OA latente. Identificou-se os seguintes pontos de corte para os indicadores de OA entre os homens brancos, pardos e pretos, respectivamente: CC: 89,9; 90,2 e 91,7cm; RCQ: 0,92; 0,92 e 0,90; índice C: 1,24; 1,24 e 1,24. Para as mulheres brancas, pardas e pretas, respectivamente, os pontos de corte identificados foram: CC: 80,4; 82,7 e 85,4cm; RCQ: 0,82; 0,83 e 0,84; índice C: 1,20; 1,22 e 1,19. A CC entre os homens e a RCQ e índice C entre homens e mulheres apresentaram alto poder para discriminar OA latente, sendo o índice C o melhor indicador.

Abstract This study evaluated the accuracy of abdominal obesity (AO) indicators, defining a latent variable as the gold standard. The study included 12,232 participants of the ELSA-Brasil (Brazil's Longitudinal Study of Adult Health), between 35 and 74 years of age. Three AO indicators were evaluated: waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR) and conicity index (C index). Analyses were stratified by sex and race/skin color. All groups had a high prevalence of AO, being greater among white men (~70%) and black women (~60%). A high incidence of WC was observed for men, WHR and C index between men and women for discriminating latent AO. The following cutoff points for AO indicators were identified among white, brown and black men, respectively: WC: 89.9cm; 90.2cm and 91.7cm; WHR: 0.92; 0.92 and 0.90; C index: 1.24; 1.24 and 1.24. The cutoff points identified among white, brown and black women were, respectively: WC: 80.4cm, 82.7cm and 85.4cm; WHR: 0.82; 0.83 and 0.84; C index: 1.20; 1.22 and 1.19 The WC among men and the WHR and C index among men and women presented high power to discriminate latent AO, the C index being the best indicator.

Efeitos do treinamento físico sobre parâmetros de saúde de corredores de rua recreacionais / Effects of physical training on health parameters in recreational runners

a população vem se tornando mais inativa, improdutiva e ociosa. Esses maus hábitos acumulados durante muito tempo se tornam prejudiciais à saúde, podendo ocasionar várias doen ças cardiovasculares e dislipidemias. Para prevenir e tratar essas disfunções recomenda-se a prática regular de exercícios físicos aeróbios (EFA) aliado a um fortalecimento muscular. Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de quatro semanas do treinamento combinado de corrida de rua e treinamento em circuito funcio nal ( TCF) sobre variáveis relacionadas à saúde e desempenho físico de corredores de rua recreacionais. 32 indivíduos foram divididos, de acordo com a relação cintura/quadril (RCQ), em grupo de risco baixo (GRB; 22,0 ± 1,33 anos; 168,3 ± 3,18 cm; 65,4 ± 3,39 kg), grupo de risco moderado (GRM; 27,7 ± 2 ,04 anos; 167,7 ± 2,03 cm; 71,4 ± 4,66 kg), grupo de risco alto (GRA; 26,8 ± 3,16 anos; 1 63 ,0 ± 3 ,02 cm; 71,80 ± 5,9 kg). Realizaram avaliações físicas de composição corporal, testes das cap acidades físicas (cooper, RAST, flexibilidade, impulsão horizontal e vertical), foram submet idos a quat ro sem anas de treinamento aeróbio e TCF. Foram feitos os testes ANOVA two-way para verificar as diferenças entre o s grupos, e um pós-teste tukey, adotou-se o valor de p < 0,05. Resultados apontaram melho ra n a a ptidão cardiorrespiratória (p=0,0006), aumento na massa magra (p=0,039 1), redução da RCQ (p =0 ,011 6), aumentou a força dos membros inferiores (p=0,0315) e melhora na flexibilidade (p=0,0326). Portanto tais alterações são clinicamente importantes, mostrando assim um progresso na qualidade de v ida de fo rm a ampla e aperfeiçoando também o desempenho físico desse público...(AU)

the population has become more inactive, unproductive and idle. These bad habits accumulated for a long time can become harmful to health, causing various cardiovascular diseases an d dyslipidemias. To prevent and treat these dysfunctions it is recommended to p ractice regular aerobic physical exercises together with a muscular strengthening. The aim of this st udy was t o ev aluate t he effects of four weeks of the combined training of running and training in functional circuit o n v ariabl es related to health and physical performance of recreational street runners. 32 in dividuals were div ided according to waist/hip ratio, in low risk group (22,0 ± 1,33 years old; 168,3 ± 3,18 cm; 6 5,4 ± 3 ,3 9 k g) moderate risk group (27,7 ± 2,04 years old; 167,7 ± 2,03 cm; 71,4 ± 4,66 kg) high risk group (26,8 ± 3,1 6 years old; 163,0 ± 3,02 cm; 71,80 ± 5,9 kg). Physical evaluations of body composition were p erformed and also physical ability tests, they were submitted to four weeks of aerobic training and functional circuit training. The ANOVA two-way test was performed to verify the differences between t he gro up s and a tukey post-test. The p value adopted was p < 0,05. The results indicated an improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness (p=0,0006). Therefore, such improvements are clinically significant, sh o win g a broad progress in the quality of life and also improving the physical performance of this public...(AU)

Relationship between vestibular dysfunction and quality of life in climacteric women / Relação entre disfunção vestibular e qualidade de vida em mulheres climatéricas

Abstract The hormonal changes in climacteric women may affect the vestibular system; however, it is not clear in the literature whether the presence of vestibular dysfunction associated with climacteric is related to poorer quality of life. The study sample was composed of 374 women (40-65 years). Socioeconomic and demographic data, menopausal status, practice of physical exercises, presence or absence of vestibular dysfunction, hypertension and diabetes, anthropometric measurements and quality of life (using the Utian Quality of Life Scale - UQoL) were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using the Pearson test, Anova, T-test, and multiple regression considering a significance level of 5%. A significant relationship was found between vestibular dysfunction and health (p = 0.02) and emotional (p = 0.01) domains of the UQoL. In addition, physical activity, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), household income and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) mean also remained significantly related to quality of life. A relationship between vestibular dysfunction and quality of life for health and emotional domains in climacteric women was observed.

Resumo Mudanças hormonais em mulheres climatéricas podem afetar o sistema vestibular, porém, não está claro na literatura se a presença da disfunção vestibular associada ao climatério está relacionada à pior qualidade de vida. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a relação entre disfunção vestibular e qualidade de vida em mulheres climatéricas. Amostra composta por 374 mulheres (40 a 65 anos). Foram coletados dados socioeconômicos e demográficos, status menopausal, prática de exercício físico, presença ou ausência de disfunção vestibular, hipertensão e diabetes, medidas antropométricas e qualidade de vida (por meio do Utian Quality of Life Scale - UQoL). Na análise estatística foi utilizado teste de Pearson, Anova, teste t e regressão múltipla, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Verificou-se relação significativa entre a disfunção vestibular e os domínios saúde (p = 0,02) e emocional (p = 0,01) do UQoL. Além disso, atividade física, status menopausal, IMC (índice de massa corporal), RCQ (relação cintura-quadril), renda familiar e média da PAD (pressão arterial diastólica) também permaneceram significantemente relacionadas à qualidade de vida. Observou-se relação entre disfunção vestibular e qualidade de vida para os domínios saúde e emocional em mulheres climatéricas.

Application and evaluation of mobile nutrition management service for breast cancer patients / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study evaluated the effects of nutrition management application in a mobile device on obesity management of patients with breast cancer.METHODS: Fifty subjects, who were breast cancer survivors, aged 30 years and older, participated in an obesity management program for four weeks. They were divided randomly into two groups: a control group (n = 25) and a treatment group (n = 25). The treatment group was provided an application for nutrition management and diet consultant, while the control group maintained their ordinary life without any nutrition management.RESULTS: The weight of the treatment group decreased by 0.8 kg, but the change was not significant. In contrast, the waist-hip ratio of the treatment group decreased significantly from 0.75 to 0.71 (p = 0.012). The Nutrition Quotients of the treatment group increased significantly from 61.3 to 69.6 points (p < 0.001), whereas that of the control group decreased significantly from 61.5 to 59.0 (p = 0.002).CONCLUSION: This mobile nutrition management application for breast cancer patients is effective in managing obesity and dietary habits. These results can be used as basic information to prepare an obesity management program for breast cancer patients.

Valor de corte del índice cintura/cadera como predictor independiente de disglucemias / Cutoff value of the waist-hip ratio as an independent predictor of dysglycemia

RESUMEN Introducción: En Cuba, no existe consenso acerca de qué valor del índice cintura/cadera debe ser considerado de riesgo para identificar disglucemias. Objetivos: Determinar el punto de corte del índice cintura/cadera como predictor de disglucemias para ambos sexos, en personas con sospecha de padecer diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 975 personas, de ellas 523 mujeres y 452 hombres. La muestra no fue obtenida de población general y no fue aleatoria. A los sujetos se les realizó interrogatorio, examen físico y estudios complementarios. Se determinaron distribuciones de frecuencia de las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Se utilizó para el procesamiento estadístico el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, análisis de regresión logística y el análisis de curvas Receiver Operator Characteristic. Se empleó la prueba Chi Cuadrado para evaluar la significación estadística. Resultados: En ambos sexos observamos una correlación directamente proporcional y significativa entre el índice cintura/cadera y las diferentes variables estudiadas, entre ellas: glucemia en ayunas y a las 2h, insulinemia en ayunas, triglicéridos, ácido úrico y el índice de resistencia a la insulina (HOMA-IR). El colesterol se comportó de la misma forma en los hombres, pero en las mujeres se verificó una correlación débil y no significativa. El punto de corte óptimo del índice cintura/cadera, como predictor independiente de disglucemias, fue de 0,85 en las mujeres y 0,93 en los hombres. El índice cintura/cadera presentó un buen poder predictivo para identificar a sujetos con y sin disglucemias para ambos sexos y superior al de la edad. Conclusiones: El punto de corte óptimo del índice cintura/cadera, como predictor independiente de disglucemias, es de 0,85 en las mujeres y 0,93 en los hombres. Su poder predictor de disglucemias fue bueno(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: In Cuba, there is no consensus about what value of the waist-hip ratio must be considered as a risk to identify dysglycemia. Objectives: To determine the cut-off point of the waist-hip ratio as a predictor of dysglycemias for both sexes, in people suspected of suffering from diabetes mellitus. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with 975 people, including 523 women and 452 men. The sample was not obtained from general population and it was not random. The subjects underwent interrogation, physical examination and complementary studies. There were identified frequency distributions of qualitative and quantitative variables. It was used for the statistical processing the Pearson's correlation coefficient, logistic regression analysis and the curves analysis called Receiver Operator Characteristic. It was used the chi-square test to assess the statistical significance. Results: In both sexes, it was observed a directly proportional and significant correlation between the waist-hip ratio and the different variables studied, including: fasting and after 2 hours glycemia, fasting insulinemia, triglycerides, uric acid and the insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR). Cholesterol behaved the same way in men, but in women there was a weak and not significant correlation. The optimal cut-point of the waist-hip ratio, as an independent predictor of dysglycemia, was 0.85 in women and 0.93 in men. The waist-hip ratio presented a good predictive power to identify subjects with and without dysglycemia for both sexes and it was higher than that of the age. Conclusions: The optimal cut-point of the waist-hip ratio, as an independent predictor of dysglycemia, was 0.85 in women and 0.93 in men. Its power as predictor of dysglycemia was good(AU)

Secuelas morfo-funcionales en mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama en las regiones de la Araucanía y del Bío-Bío, Chile / Morphofunctional consequences in women operated for breast cancer of the region of Araucanía and Bío-Bío, Chile

El tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de mama puede dejar secuelas tardías tales como escápula alada, pérdida de movilidad articular del hombro, sobrepeso, etc. Basado en lo anterior, el objetivo del presente estudio fue describir las secuelas morfofuncionales en mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama de las regiones de la Araucanía y del Bío-Bío, Chile, explorando también si el procedimiento quirúrgico conllevaría a la presencia de escápula alada. Para ello, se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional y de corte transversal en treinta mujeres operadas de cáncer de mama, de edades comprendidas entre 28 y 76 años (55,67±11,60). Un profesional entrenado evaluó peso, estatura, índice de masa corporal (IMC), índice de cintura cadera (ICC), rangos articulares de hombro (ROM, Range of Movement) y fuerza prensil, aplicándose además la prueba de Hoppenfeld para identificar escápula alada. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en el ROM a la abducción de hombro (p<0,05), correlación significativa positiva de leve (r=0,370) a moderada (r=0,514) entre el ROM del lado afectado tanto para la flexión como la abducción con la fuerza prensil. Destacan, un IMC de 28,91±5,31 kg/m2, un ICC de 0,86±0,06 cm y la presencia de escápula alada en el 36,7 % de las participantes. No se encontró asociación entre el abordaje quirúrgico y la presencia de escápula alada. Hubo secuelas morfo-funcionales en las mujeres en estudio, destacándose las alteraciones en el rango de movimiento del miembro superior, sobrepeso, riesgo cardiovascular y la presencia de escápula alada, sin asociarse al tipo de abordaje quirúrgico.

Surgical treatment of breast cancer can leave late sequelae such as winged scapula, loss of joint mobility of the shoulder, overweight, etc. Based on the above, the objective of the present study was to describe the morpho-functional sequelae in women operated on for breast cancer from the regions of Araucanía and Del BíoBío, Chile, also exploring whether the surgical procedure would lead to the presence of scapula winged. For this, a quantitative, observational and cross-sectional study was conducted in thirty women operated on for breast cancer, aged between 28 and 76 years (55.67 ± 11.60). A trained professional evaluated weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hip waist index (ICC), shoulder joint ranges(ROM, Range of Movement) and prehensile strength, and applied the Hoppenfeld test to identify the winged scapula. The results showed significant differences in the ROM to shoulder abduction (p <0.05), positive significant correlation of mild (r = 0.370) to moderate (r = 0.514) between the ROM of the affected side for both flexion and abduction with prehensile force. Highlights, a BMI of 28.91 ± 5.31 kg / m2, an ICC of 0.86 ± 0.06 cm and the presence of winged scapula in 36.7 % of the participants. No association was found between the surgical approach and the presence of the winged scapula. There were morphofunctional sequelae in the women under study, highlighting the alterations in the range of movement of the upper limb, overweight, cardiovascular risk and the presence of the winged scapula, without being associated with the type of surgical approach.

Relación de los índices de masa corporal y cintura-cadera con la capacidad residual funcional pulmonar en niños chilenos obesos versus normopeso: un estudio transversal / Relation among body mass index, waist-hip ratio, and pulmonary functional residual capacity in normal weight versus obese Chilean children: A cross-sectional study

Introducción. La obesidad está asociada a un descenso acelerado de la función ventilatoria. Las formas más frecuentes de evaluar el estado nutricional y medir la grasa abdominal y las caderas son el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y el índice cintura-cadera (ICC). Existe escasa evidencia que sugiera su relación con la capacidad residual funcional (CRF). Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la relación entre el IMC, el ICC y la CRF en niños obesos de la ciudad de Talca, Chile. Población y métodos. Se reclutaron niños de ambos sexos (6-12 años). Se evaluaron peso, talla, IMC, ICC y función pulmonar a través de pletismografía corporal. Dependiendo de la distribución de los datos, se utilizó la prueba t de Student o U de Mann-Whitney para muestras independientes y, la prueba r de Pearson o Spearman para establecer la correlación entre ICC y CRF. Resultados. Los niños se dividieron en normopeso (n= 18) y obesos (n= 18). Se reportó una disminución significativa de la CRF (p= 0,025) en niños obesos y una relación inversa entre ICC y CRF, la cual fue moderada en niños normopeso (s= -0,489; p= 0,03) y alta en obesos (r= -0,681; p= 0,001). Conclusiones. Los niños obesos mostraron una menor CRF respecto de los normopeso, que, a su vez, se relacionó con el ICC. Estos resultados indican efectos sistémicos que produce la obesidad en la función ventilatoria en niños y la necesidad de incorporar indicadores de distribución de grasa corporal a temprana edad.

Introduction. Obesity is associated with a rapid decrease in ventilatory function. The most common way of assessing nutritional status and measuring abdominal fat and hips are the body mass index (BMI) and the waist-hip ratio (WHR). There is scarce evidence suggesting their relation to functional residual capacity (FRC). Our objective was to determine the relation among BMI, WHR, and FRC in obese children in the city of Talca, Chile. Population and methods. Male and female children were recruited (6-12 years). Weight, height, BMI, WHR, and pulmonary function were assessed; the latter with body plethysmography. Depending on data distribution, Student's t test or the Mann-Whitney U test were used for independent samples, while Pearson's or Spearman's r test was used to establish the correlation between WHR and FRC. Results. Children were divided into normal weight (n = 18) and obese (n = 18). A significant reduction in FRC (p = 0.025) was reported in obese children, while a reverse association was observed between WHR and FRC, which was moderate in normal weight children (s = -0.489; p = 0.03) and high in obese children (r = -0.681; p = 0.001). Conclusions. Obese children showed a lower FRC compared to normal weight children, which, in turn, was associated with WHR. These results are indicative of the systemic effects caused by obesity on children's ventilatory function and the need to use body fat distribution indicators at an early age.

Respiratory evaluation through volumetric capnography among grade III obese and eutrophic individuals: a comparative study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Excess trunk body fat in obese individuals influences respiratory physiological function. The aims of this study were to compare volumetric capnography findings (VCap) between severely obese patients and normal-weight subjects and to assess whether there is any association between neck circumference (NC), waist-hip ratio (WHR) and VCap among grade III obese individuals. DESIGN AND SETTING: Analytical observational case-matched cross-sectional study, University of Campinas. METHODS: This cross-sectional study compared VCap variables between 60 stage III obese patients and 60 normal-weight individuals. RESULTS: In comparison with the normal-weight group, obese patients presented higher alveolar minute volume (8.92 ± 4.94 versus 6.09 ± 2.2; P = < 0.0001), CO2 production (278 ± 91.0 versus 209 ± 60.23; P < 0.0001), expiratory tidal volume (807 ± 365 versus 624 ± 202; P = 0.005), CO2 production per breath (21.1 ± 9.7 versus 16.7 ± 6.16; P = 0.010) and peak expiratory flow (30.9 ± 11.9 versus 25.5 ± 9.13; P = 0.004). The end-expiratory CO2 (PetCO2) concentration (33.5 ± 4.88 versus 35.9 ± 3.79; P = 0.013) and the phase 3 slope were normalized according to expired tidal volume (0.02 ± 0.05 versus 0.03 ± 0.01; P = 0.049) were lower in the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: The greater the NC was, the larger were the alveolar minute volume, anatomical dead space, CO2 production per minute and per breath and expiratory volume; whereas the smaller were the phase 2 slope (P2Slp), phase 3 slope (P3Slp) and pressure drop in the mouth during inspiration.